Method and apparatus for maintaining an approximate constant current output characteristic in a switched mode power supply

ABSTRACT

A regulator circuit maintaining an approximate constant current output characteristic. In one aspect, a disclosed regulator controls a switch that has a current limit threshold. A supply terminal and feedback terminal of the regulator are connected together as a control terminal such that a shunt regulator current is the control terminal current in excess of the internal supply current consumed by the regulator. The current limit threshold of the switch is changed as a function of the shunt regulator current. In another aspect, a control input of the regulator circuit receives a current that is the sum of the internal supply current consumed by the regulator circuit and a feedback current. The feedback current is a fraction of the consumption current of the regulator circuit and the current limit threshold of the switch is changed as a function of the feedback current.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to U.S. provisional application Ser.No. 60/350,158, filed Jan. 17, 2002, entitled “Method And Apparatus ForMaintaining An Approximate Constant Current Output Characteristic In ASwitched Mode Power Supply.”

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates generally to power supplies, and morespecifically, to a switched mode power supply.

2. Background Information

In many electronic device applications, especially the low poweroff-line adapter/charger market, an approximately constantvoltage/constant current output characteristic is required. Knownswitched mode power supply circuits providing constant output currentand voltage characteristics typically use circuitry on the secondary (oroutput side) of the power supply that sense output voltage and currentand generate a feedback signal. The feedback signal is typicallycommunicated to a regulator circuit on the primary side of the powersupply through an opto coupler component. This feedback signal is thenused to control the switching of a primary switch to provide therequired power supply output characteristic.

The specific function of maintaining constant output current is normallyachieved with secondary current sense resistors in series with theoutput load that provide a voltage signal proportional to the currentflowing through the secondary current sense resistors. This voltagesignal is then used to provide a feedback signal, which in turn is usedto control the power switch.

Another technique to provide an approximately constant output current isto derive information about the output voltage of the power supply froman auxiliary winding of the power supply transformer on the primary sideof the power supply. This information is then used to adjust the primaryswitch current limit threshold independent of any supply currentrequired by the primary regulator circuit.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A regulator circuit maintaining an approximate constant current outputcharacteristic is disclosed. In one aspect, a disclosed regulatorcircuit controls a switch that has a current limit threshold. A supplyterminal and feedback terminal of the regulator are connected togetheras a control terminal such that a shunt regulator current is the controlterminal current in excess of the internal consumption of the internalsupply current of the regulator. The current limit threshold of theswitch is changed as a function of the shunt regulator current. In oneembodiment, the connection of the supply terminal and feedback terminalis external to the regulator. In another embodiment, the connection ofthe supply terminal and feedback terminal is internal to the regulator.In one embodiment, the current limit threshold of the switch isincreased with increasing shunt regulator current. In anotherembodiment, the current limit threshold of the switch is decreased withincreasing shunt regulator current. In one embodiment, the switch andregulator are integrated on a monolithic chip. In one embodiment, theswitch is a metal oxide field effect transistor (MOSFET). In anotherembodiment, the switch is a bipolar transistor. In one embodiment, theregulator is used in a switching power supply. In one embodiment, theregulator is used in a switching power supply with an approximatelyconstant output voltage and output current characteristic.

In another aspect, a disclosed regulator circuit controls a switch thathas a current limit threshold. A control input of the regulator circuitreceives a current that is the sum of the internal supply currentconsumed by the regulator circuit and a feedback current. The currentlimit threshold of the switch is changed as a function of the feedbackcurrent. In one embodiment, the current limit threshold of the switch isincreased with increasing feedback current. In another embodiment, thecurrent limit threshold of the switch is decreased with increasingfeedback current. In one embodiment, the switch and regulator areintegrated on to a monolithic chip. In one embodiment, the switch is aMOSFET. In another embodiment, the switch is a bipolar transistor. Inone embodiment, the regulator is used in a switching power supply. Inanother embodiment, the regulator is used in a switching power supplywith an approximately constant output voltage and output currentcharacteristic. Additional features and benefits of the presentinvention will become apparent from the detailed description and figuresset forth below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention detailed is illustrated by way of example and notlimitation in the accompanying figures.

FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of a power supply that has an approximatelyconstant voltage and constant current output characteristic inaccordance with the teachings of the present invention

FIG. 2 shows another embodiment of a power supply in accordance with theteachings of the present invention where the energy transfer element hasa separate feedback/bias winding for generating the control current tothe regulator.

FIG. 3 shows yet another embodiment of a power supply that has anapproximately constant voltage and constant current outputcharacteristic in accordance with the teachings of the presentinvention.

FIG. 4 shows one embodiment of the transfer function of a regulatorcircuit in a switched-mode power supply in accordance with the teachingsof the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of one embodiment of the regulator circuit, asseen in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 in accordance with the teachings of the presentinvention.

FIG. 6 is a schematic illustrating one embodiment of a power supplyregulator circuit in accordance with teachings of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating the typical relationships between theoutput current and output voltage of one embodiment of a power supply inaccordance with the teachings of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of methods and apparatuses maintaining an approximateconstant current output characteristic with a regulator circuit aredisclosed. In the following description, numerous specific details areset forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the presentinvention. It will be apparent, however, to one having ordinary skill inthe art that the specific detail need not be employed to practice thepresent invention. In other instances, well-known materials or methodshave not been described in detail in order to avoid obscuring thepresent invention.

Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “anembodiment” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristicdescribed in connection with the embodiment is included in at least oneembodiment of the present invention. Thus, the appearances of thephrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various placesthroughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to thesame embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures orcharacteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or moreembodiments.

Various embodiments according to the teachings of the present inventionare directed to power supply regulators that provide approximatelyconstant voltage/constant current output characteristics without theneed for secondary feedback from a source such as an opto-coupler. Aswill be shown, embodiments include methods of adjusting the duty cycleand current limit of the power switch as a function of control currentin order to maintain this approximately constant voltage/constantcurrent output characteristic. In addition, embodiments according to theteachings of the present invention include a regulator circuit thatderives feedback information on the power supply output voltage from acontrol current that combines both the feedback current and internalsupply current for the regulator circuit.

In one embodiment, a method according to the teachings of the presentinvention of generating an approximately constant voltage/constantcurrent output characteristic involves adjusting the current limitthreshold and duty cycle of a power switch as a function of the controlcurrent the regulator receives. The level of the control currentdetermines the mode of operation of the regulator. At lower controlcurrent levels, the regulator maintains an approximately constant outputcurrent. In one embodiment, this is done by increasing the current limitthreshold of the switch as the control current increases. At highercontrol current levels, the regulator maintains an approximatelyconstant output voltage by reducing the duty cycle.

In one embodiment, the feedback information is derived from a reflectedvoltage, which to the first order, is equal to the output voltagemultiplied by the transformer turns ratio. In one embodiment, thereflected voltage is the voltage reflected across an energy transferelement from the secondary side to the primary side. The reflectedvoltage information is converted to a control current and delivered to acontrol terminal of the regulator. The regulator includes a supplyterminal and a feedback terminal that are connected either internal tothe regulator or external to the regulator to form the control terminal.

In one embodiment, the feedback terminal includes a shunt regulatorresponsive to the control current at the control terminal in excess ofthe internal supply current consumed by the chip regulator required bythe supply terminal. A current limit circuit including a comparator isused to set the current limit of the power switch in the regulator. Thecurrent limit is responsive to the shunt regulator current. In oneembodiment, as the shunt regulator current increases, the current limitthreshold is increased to provide an approximately constant power supplyoutput current characteristic. The reflected voltage in a switch modepower supply does not vary linearly with the output voltage of theswitch mode power supply, so in one embodiment there may be differentslopes of current limit at different levels of shunt regulator current.The current limit includes one or more different ratios of the shuntregulator current at one or more shunt regulator current points.

As stated earlier, the adjustment of the current limit threshold tomaintain an approximately constant output current characteristic onlyoccurs at lower control current levels. At higher control currentlevels, the regulator maintains an approximately constant output voltageby modulating the duty cycle based on the shunt regulator current inexcess of a threshold. The shunt regulator current is the controlcurrent in excess of the internal supply current consumed by the chip.The shunt regulator current is converted to a voltage level across areference resistor and is used to modulate the duty cycle. The voltagelevel across the reference resistor is substantially zero until theshunt regulator current threshold is reached, at which point the voltagelevel across the reference resistor starts to increase in proportion tothe shunt regulator current.

FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of a switching power supply that has anapproximately constant voltage and constant current outputcharacteristic in accordance with the teachings of the presentinvention. The feedback information is provided to the power supplyregulator 150 at its control terminal. The power supply regulator 150also includes a power switch connected between the terminals Drain andSource. The current at the control terminal is proportional to thevoltage across resistor 135, which in turn is responsive to the voltageat DC-output 100. In operation, current is enabled and disabled to flowthrough the power switch according to a duty cycle of the power switch.In one embodiment, power supply regulator 150 reduces the duty cycle ofthe power switch when the voltage across resistor 135 increases above athreshold, and the DC-output 100 is in voltage regulation mode. Thepower supply regulator 150 reduces the current limit threshold of thepower switch when the voltage across resistor 135 decreases below athreshold. In one embodiment, the current limit threshold is reduced asa function of the voltage across resistor 135 to keep the output loadcurrent approximately constant. Thus, the load current is controlled bythe current limit threshold of the power switch in power supplyregulator 150.

In the depicted embodiment, capacitor 175 is the regulator's bypasscapacitor, and capacitor 140 is the storage element for the reflectedvoltage reflected across energy transfer element 120 from secondary side115 to primary side 125. The reflected voltage is fed via diode 130 inevery cycle when the power switch is in the off-state. Diode 130 andcapacitor 140 also act as the voltage clamp to protect the power switchin power supply regulator 150. On the secondary side 115 of the energytransfer element 120, the rectifier 110 rectifies the switched energyand storage element 105 stores the energy to be available at the DCoutput 100.

FIG. 2 shows another embodiment of a switching power supply where theenergy transfer element 220 has a separate feedback/bias winding forgenerating the control current to the power supply regulator 150 inaccordance with the teachings of the present invention. The power supplyhas an approximately constant voltage and constant current outputcharacteristic. The feedback information is provided to the power supplyregulator 150 at its control terminal. The regulator also includes apower switch connected between the terminals Drain and Source. Thecurrent at the control terminal is proportional to the voltage acrossresistor 235, which in turn is responsive to the voltage at DC-output200. In one embodiment, power supply regulator 150 reduces the dutycycle of the power switch when the voltage across resistor 235 increasesabove a threshold, and the DC-output 200 is in voltage regulation mode.The power supply regulator 150 reduces the current limit threshold ofthe power switch when the voltage across resistor 235 decreases below athreshold. The current limit threshold is reduced as a function of thevoltage across resistor 235 to keep the output load currentapproximately constant. Thus, the load current is controlled by thecurrent limit threshold of the power switch in power supply regulator150. Capacitor 275 is the regulator's bypass storage element, andcapacitor 270 is the storage element for the reflected voltage reflectedacross energy transfer element 220 from secondary side 215 to thefeedback/bias winding. The reflected voltage is fed via diode 230 inevery cycle when the power switch is in the off-state. Diode 260,capacitor 240, and resistor 245 acts as the voltage clamp to protect thepower switch in power supply regulator 150. On the secondary side 215 ofthe energy transfer element 220, the rectifier 210 rectifies theswitched energy and storage element 205 stores the energy to beavailable at the DC output 200.

FIG. 3 shows yet another embodiment of a switching power supply that hasan approximately constant voltage and constant current outputcharacteristic in accordance with the teachings of the presentinvention. The feedback information is provided to the power supplyregulator 150 at its control terminal. The power supply regulator 150also includes a power switch connected between the terminals Drain andSource. In one embodiment, the current at the control terminal of powersupply regulator 150 is proportional to the voltage across resistor 335,which in turn is proportional to the voltage at DC-output 300. In oneembodiment, the power supply regulator 150 reduces the duty cycle of thepower switch when the voltage across resistor 335 increases above athreshold, and the DC-output 300 is in voltage regulation mode. Thepower supply regulator 150 reduces the current limit threshold of thepower switch when the voltage across resistor 335 decreases. The currentlimit threshold is reduced as a function of the voltage across resistor335 to control the output load current approximately constant. Capacitor375 is the regulator's bypass storage element, and capacitor 370 is thestorage element for the voltage on the DC output 300, which is fed backvia diode 330. On one side of the inductive energy transfer element 380,the energy transferred is stored in storage element 305 to be availableat the DC output 300. The inductive energy transfer element 380 storesenergy during the active part of the cycle when the power supplyregulator 150 is conducting current between drain and source. The storedenergy will be delivered to node 310 during the inactive part of thecycle through diode 360.

FIG. 4 shows one embodiment of the transfer function of the power supplyregulator 150 in a switched-mode power supply in accordance with theteachings of the present invention. Curve 400 shows one embodiment ofthe current limit characteristic of the power switch as a function ofthe control terminal current 410. The left-hand portion 420 of thisdiagram relates to the constant output current portion of thecharacteristic. In one embodiment, in order to maintain an approximatelyconstant output current, the current limit threshold is gradually rampedas a function of control terminal current. As described earlier, theslope of current limit threshold versus control current is notnecessarily constant. Different slopes can occur at different points ofcontrol terminal current. Curve 430 is a plot of the duty cycle as afunction of the control terminal current 410. The right-hand portionrelates to the constant output voltage section 440 of thecharacteristic. As can be seen in the curve, the duty cycle reductiononly occurs after the control current exceeds a control currentthreshold. When the duty cycle goes below about 2%, the region offrequency reduction 450 is entered, and the switching frequency isreduced.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of one embodiment of the power supplyregulator 150, as seen for example in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 in accordancewith the teachings of the present invention. In one embodiment, powersupply regulator 150 is implemented in a monolithic chip. In anotherembodiments, it is appreciated that some functions of power supplyregulator 150 may be included externally, such as for example powerswitch 547. In one embodiment, power supply regulator 150 may beincluded in a switching power supply. As shown in the depictedembodiment, power supply regulator 150 includes three terminals, controlterminal 545, drain terminal 541, and source terminal 543. Power supplyregulator 150 also includes charging circuit 503, control terminalregulator circuit 509, current limit adjust block 511, power switch 547,and power switch control circuit 549. Control terminal regulator circuit509 and charging circuit 503 maintain the control terminal 545 at apredetermined constant voltage level. Control terminal regulator circuit509 also accepts the feedback based on the control current from thecontrol terminal 545 and converts it to signals that are sent to adjustthe duty cycle in control circuit 549 and the current limit threshold incurrent limit adjust circuit 511. The control current from the controlterminal 545 is used to adjust both the current limit threshold and it'sslope. The initiation of the duty cycle adjustment is controlled by acontrol current threshold. The control circuit 549 determines when powerswitch 547 is to begin switching. Termination of switching is controlledby the magnitude of the control current from the control terminal 545and will be either duty cycle limited or current limit thresholdterminated by control circuit 549, depending on the region of operation.The information about the current level in power switch 547 is fed backto the current limit circuitry in control circuit 549 from the drainterminal 541.

FIG. 6 is a schematic illustrating one embodiment of a power supplyregulator 150 in accordance with teachings of the present invention.Power switch 547 is coupled between drain terminal 541 and sourceterminal 543. In one embodiment, the source terminal 543 is coupled toground. A control terminal regulator circuit 509 is coupled to controlcircuit 549 through signal 644. In one embodiment, control terminal 545is the combined electrical terminal providing internal supply currentand feedback current to all blocks of the power supply regulator 150.Indeed, in the illustrated embodiment, control terminal 545 serves asboth a supply terminal to receive the internal supply current and afeedback terminal to receive the feedback current. In the illustratedembodiment, it is appreciated that the feedback terminal and supplyterminal are connected internal to power supply regulator 150 to formthe combined electrical terminal of control terminal 545. In anotherembodiment, it is appreciated that connecting the feedback terminal andthe supply terminal external to power supply regulator 150 may also formthe combined electrical terminal of control terminal 545. In oneembodiment, control terminal regulator circuit 509 includes a shuntregulator block, which includes comparator 639, resistors 633, 635 and637, and transistors 641 and 643.

Current limit function of power supply regulator 150 is provided bycomparator 671, leading-edge blanking circuit 667 and AND gate 661. Whenthe control current is below the duty cycle adjustment threshold, thecontrol current modulates the current limit threshold. The currentmirror formed by transistors 694 and 643 mirrors the shunt regulatorcurrent such that it can be utilized to modulate the current limitthreshold. For example, in one embodiment, the current limit thresholdis increased with an increase in the shunt regulator current or feedbackcurrent. In another embodiment, the current limit threshold is decreasedwith an increase in the shunt regulator current or feedback current. Themodulation occurs as soon as the control terminal current exceeds theinternal supply current of the chip. This excess current throughtransistor 643 is the shunt regulator current or the feedback current.As the current through transistor 694 increases, the current throughtransistor 696 increases by an identical amount. The current throughtransistor 686 of current limit adjust circuit 511 increases linearlywith the current through transistor 696. The intrinsic current limit isset by current source 680. This intrinsic current limit is the currentlimit threshold of the power switch when the control current is belowthe internal supply current of the chip. Once the control currentexceeds the internal supply current of the chip, the current throughtransistor 686 increases with respect to the control terminal current.Since transistor 686 is in parallel with current source 680, thisincrease of the control current results in the increase of the currentlimit threshold. This increase of the current limit threshold isdesigned such that the output current is maintained at an approximatelyconstant level in this region of operation. Different slopes arerequired at different values of control current due to the fact thatnon-linearities exist in the relationship between the reflected voltageand the output voltage, and non-linearities exist between the powerswitch drain current and power supply output current. In theory, thesedifferent slopes for different points of the curve of current limitthreshold as a function of control current can be obtained throughcancellation circuitry. This cancellation circuitry consists oftransistors 692, 690, 688, and current source 684. The current throughtransistor 692 also increases linearly with respect to the controlcurrent. This will result in the current in transistor 690 andconsequently transistor 688 increasing once the current through 692increases above the threshold set by current source 684. This thresholdis set to occur when the control current exceeds the control currentlevel for adjusting the slope of the current limit threshold as afunction of the control current (I_(CL) 460 in FIG. 4). Once thisthreshold is exceeded, transistor 688 is designed such that it willconduct the amount of additional current required to adjust the slope ofthe current limit threshold as a function of the control current to thedesired level.

In one embodiment, the shunt regulator block is used to maintain acontrol terminal regulation voltage at control terminal 545. In oneembodiment, the control terminal regulation voltage is approximately 5.7volts. The pulse width modulator implements voltage mode control bydriving the power switch with a duty cycle inversely proportional to thecurrent into the control terminal that is in excess of a shunt regulatorcurrent threshold. The shunt regulator current is the control terminalcurrent that exceeds the internal supply current of the chip. The shuntregulator current passes through transistors 641 and 643. Transistors643 and 647 form a current mirror. When the shunt regulator currentexceeds the threshold set by current source 645, the feedback signalstarts modulating the duty cycle of the power switch 547. The current inthe resistor 610 is substantially zero until the shunt regulator currentthreshold set by current source 645 is reached. This feedback currentsignal is thus extracted using transistor 647. The voltage at thenegative input of comparator 657 of control circuit 549 is the extractedfeedback voltage signal 644. This extracted feedback voltage 644modulates the duty cycle based on the shunt regulator current signal inexcess of the current source 645 threshold. When the shunt regulatorcurrent is below the current source 645 threshold, the voltage at thenegative input of comparator 657 will stay high, and the output ofcomparator 657 will stay low. As the current through the shunt regulatorincreases, the voltage at the negative input of comparator 657 decreaseslinearly. The output of comparator 657 will go high at a time during thecycle determined by the shunt regulator current. When the output ofcomparator 657 goes high, the output of OR gate 659 will go high, and itwill reset latch 663. This circuitry maintains the duty cycle to beroughly constant from zero control current up to the control currentthreshold for duty cycle reduction (I_(DCS) 470 in FIG. 4). After thecontrol current exceeds I_(DCS), the duty cycle of power switch 547 isreduced as a function of the control current to maintain a constantoutput voltage.

Thus, power supplies utilizing this regulator will exhibit anapproximately constant output current characteristic when the controlterminal current is below I_(DCS) and an approximately constant outputvoltage characteristic when the control terminal current is aboveI_(DCS). The intermediate region of operation is the constant powerregion, which should be minimized as much as possible.

During power-up, when the voltage across the combined electrical controlterminal 545 reaches the control terminal regulation voltage (e.g. 5.7volts), transistor 629 turns on and pulls the input of inverter 609high. The output of inverter 609 then goes low to set a latch includingNAND gates 611 and 613. The output of NAND gate 613 goes low and theoutput of inverter 615 goes high. The gate of transistor 605 is pulledhigh turning on transistor 605, which pulls the gate of transistor 601low, thereby turning off the high voltage current source of chargingcircuit 503. In one embodiment, the high voltage current source ofcharging circuit 503 includes transistor 601.

In one embodiment, the output of NAND gate 613 is also coupled toauto-restart counter 625. When the output of NAND gate 613 goes low, theoutput of auto-restart counter 625 goes high to enable NAND gate 665,thus enabling power switch 547 to be switched through the output ofinverter 669. In one embodiment, power switch 547 includes power MOSFET673 coupled in series with junction field effect transistor (JFET) 675between drain terminal 541 and source terminal 543. In anotherembodiment, it is appreciated that power switch 547 my be implementedusing other types of transistor technologies such as for example abipolar junction transistor or other suitable type of power switch.

In one embodiment, the control terminal regulation voltage of controlterminal regulator circuit 509 is set at 5.7V. In one embodiment, thereis a capacitor connected externally to control terminal 545. When theswitching of power switch 547 begins, the voltage at control terminal545 would slowly drop without the charging circuit 503. This voltagedrop will continue until the output of the power supply reaches it'sregulation value.

Under a fault condition, such as for example an output short or openloop, the external capacitor coupled to control terminal 545 willdischarge to 4.7V and the output of comparator 627 will go low to resetthe latch including of NAND gates 611 and 613, and the output ofinverter 615 will go low to turn-off transistor 605. This will enablethe charging circuit 503 to charge the external capacitor coupled tocontrol terminal 545. The output of auto-restart counter 625 will alsogo low disabling the power switch 547 from being switched. In oneembodiment, the auto-restart counter 625 can be designed to count up tofor example 8 discharge/charge cycles for the output to be enabledagain.

FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating the typical relationships between theoutput current and output voltage of one embodiment of a power supply inaccordance with the teachings of the present invention. As can be seenin curve 700, one embodiment of a power supply in accordance with theteachings of the present invention exhibits an approximately constantoutput current and an approximately constant output voltagecharacteristic. That is, as output current increases, the output voltageremains approximately constant until the output current reaches anoutput current threshold. As the output current approaches the outputcurrent threshold, the output voltage decreases as the output currentremains approximately constant over the drop in output voltage. Asshown, the output current may reduce or foldback below a certain outputvoltage. It is appreciated that the approximately constant outputvoltage and approximately constant output current characteristics ofvarious embodiments of the present invention are suitable for batterycharger applications or the like.

1-27. (canceled)
 28. A method, comprising: receiving a control terminalcurrent from a control terminal of a regulator circuit, the controlterminal current including a feedback current and an internal supplycurrent; switching on and off a power switch coupled between first andsecond terminals of the regulator circuit in response to a current limitthreshold of the power switch to control a current through the powerswitch; and adjusting the current limit threshold of the power switch inresponse to the feedback current.
 29. The method of claim 28 furthercomprising generating a shunt regulator current to determine thefeedback current.
 30. The method of claim 29 wherein the shunt regulatorcurrent is the control terminal current in excess of the internal supplycurrent.
 31. The method of claim 28 further comprising increasing thecurrent limit threshold in response to an increase in the feedbackcurrent.
 32. The method of claim 28 further comprising decreasing thecurrent limit threshold in response to an increase in the feedbackcurrent.
 33. The method of claim 28 further comprising maintaining anapproximately constant output current characteristic at an output of apower supply in response to switching on and off the power switch. 34.The method of claim 33 further comprising maintaining an approximatelyconstant output voltage at the output of the power supply in response tothe feedback current.